{"id":101,"date":"2008-03-04T16:10:34","date_gmt":"2008-03-04T16:10:34","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2008-03-04T16:10:34","modified_gmt":"2008-03-04T16:10:34","slug":"101","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.poloo.org\/?p=101","title":{"rendered":"\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u6a21\u5f0f(Observer Pattern)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u4e00\u3001 \u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\uff08Observer\uff09\u6a21\u5f0f
\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u6a21\u5f0f\u53c8\u53eb\u505a\u53d1\u5e03-\u8ba2\u9605\uff08Publish\/Subscribe\uff09\u6a21\u5f0f\u3001\u6a21\u578b-\u89c6\u56fe\uff08Model\/View\uff09\u6a21\u5f0f\u3001\u6e90-\u76d1\u542c\u5668\uff08Source\/Listener\uff09\u6a21\u5f0f\u6216\u4ece\u5c5e\u8005\uff08Dependents\uff09\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u6a21\u5f0f\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u4e00\u5bf9\u591a\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8ba9\u591a\u4e2a\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u5bf9\u8c61\u540c\u65f6\u76d1\u542c\u67d0\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u5bf9\u8c61\u5728\u72b6\u6001\u4e0a\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u65f6\uff0c\u4f1a\u901a\u77e5\u6240\u6709\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4f7f\u5b83\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u81ea\u52a8\u66f4\u65b0\u81ea\u5df1\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5e38\u5e38\u8981\u6c42\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u5176\u5b83\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u505a\u51fa\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u65b9\u6848\u6709\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f7f\u7cfb\u7edf\u80fd\u591f\u6613\u4e8e\u590d\u7528\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u9009\u62e9\u4f4e\u8026\u5408\u5ea6\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u51cf\u5c11\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8026\u5408\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u590d\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u540c\u65f6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f4e\u8026\u5408\u5ea6\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e4b\u95f4\u80fd\u591f\u7ef4\u6301\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u534f\u8c03\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7684\u534f\u4f5c\uff08Collaboration\uff09\u3002\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u6a21\u5f0f\u662f\u6ee1\u8db3\u8fd9\u4e00\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u8bbe\u8ba1\u65b9\u6848\u4e2d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u3001 \u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u7ed3\u6784
\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u7c7b\u56fe\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a

\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u91cc\u6709\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89d2\u8272\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u62bd\u8c61\u4e3b\u9898\uff08Subject\uff09\u89d2\u8272\uff1a\u4e3b\u9898\u89d2\u8272\u628a\u6240\u6709\u5bf9\u89c2\u5bdf\u8003\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u4fdd\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u805a\u96c6\u91cc\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u3002\u62bd\u8c61\u4e3b\u9898\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a5\u53e3\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u548c\u5220\u9664\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4e3b\u9898\u89d2\u8272\u53c8\u53eb\u505a\u62bd\u8c61\u88ab\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\uff08Observable\uff09\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b\u6216\u8005\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a5\u53e3\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002
\u62bd\u8c61\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\uff08Observer\uff09\u89d2\u8272\uff1a\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a5\u53e3\uff0c\u5728\u5f97\u5230\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u901a\u77e5\u65f6\u66f4\u65b0\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u63a5\u53e3\u53eb\u505a\u66f4\u65b0\u63a5\u53e3\u3002\u62bd\u8c61\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u89d2\u8272\u4e00\u822c\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b\u6216\u8005\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a5\u53e3\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u793a\u610f\u6027\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e2d\uff0c\u66f4\u65b0\u63a5\u53e3\u53ea\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\uff08\u5373Update()\u65b9\u6cd5\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u53eb\u505a\u66f4\u65b0\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002
\u5177\u4f53\u4e3b\u9898\uff08ConcreteSubject\uff09\u89d2\u8272\uff1a\u5c06\u6709\u5173\u72b6\u6001\u5b58\u5165\u5177\u4f53\u73b0\u5bdf\u8005\u5bf9\u8c61\uff1b\u5728\u5177\u4f53\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u72b6\u6001\u6539\u53d8\u65f6\uff0c\u7ed9\u6240\u6709\u767b\u8bb0\u8fc7\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u53d1\u51fa\u901a\u77e5\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u4e3b\u9898\u89d2\u8272\u53c8\u53eb\u505a\u5177\u4f53\u88ab\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u89d2\u8272\uff08Concrete Observable\uff09\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u4e3b\u9898\u89d2\u8272\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u5b50\u7c7b\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002
\u5177\u4f53\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\uff08ConcreteObserver\uff09\u89d2\u8272\uff1a\u5b58\u50a8\u4e0e\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u81ea\u6070\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u73b0\u5bdf\u8005\u89d2\u8272\u5b9e\u73b0\u62bd\u8c61\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u89d2\u8272\u6240\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u66f4\u65b0\u63a5\u53e3\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4f7f\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u4e0e\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u76f8\u534f\u8c03\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u73b0\u5bdf\u8005\u89d2\u8272\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u5411\u5177\u4f53\u4e3b\u9898\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u89d2\u8272\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u5b50\u7c7b\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002
\u4ece\u5177\u4f53\u4e3b\u9898\u89d2\u8272\u6307\u5411\u62bd\u8c61\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u5408\u6210\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u5177\u4f53\u4e3b\u9898\u5bf9\u8c61\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u4efb\u610f\u591a\u4e2a\u5bf9\u62bd\u8c61\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u3002\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u62bd\u8c61\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5177\u4f53\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e3b\u9898\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u54ea\u4e9bConcreteObserver\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u77e5\u9053\u62bd\u8c61Observer\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u4f7f\u5f97\u5177\u4f53\u4e3b\u9898\u5bf9\u8c61\u53ef\u4ee5\u52a8\u6001\u5730\u7ef4\u62a4\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u5bf9\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u9700\u8981\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u8c03\u7528\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u5171\u6709\u7684Update()\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u505a\u6cd5\u53eb\u505a”\u9488\u5bf9\u62bd\u8c61\u7f16\u7a0b”\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e09\u3001 \u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u793a\u610f\u6027\u6e90\u4ee3\u7801
\/\/ Observer pattern -- Structural example  
using System;
using System.Collections;<\/p>\n

\/\/ \"Subject\"
abstract class Subject
{
  \/\/ Fields
  private ArrayList observers = new ArrayList();<\/p>\n

  \/\/ Methods
  public void Attach( Observer observer )
  {
    observers.Add( observer );
  }<\/p>\n

  public void Detach( Observer observer )
  {
    observers.Remove( observer );
  }<\/p>\n

  public void Notify()
  {
    foreach( Observer o in observers )
      o.Update();
  }
}<\/p>\n

\/\/ \"ConcreteSubject\"
class ConcreteSubject : Subject
{
  \/\/ Fields
  private string subjectState;<\/p>\n

  \/\/ Properties
  public string SubjectState
  {
    get{ return subjectState; }
    set{ subjectState = value; }
  }
}<\/p>\n

\/\/ \"Observer\"
abstract class Observer
{
  \/\/ Methods
  abstract public void Update();
}<\/p>\n

\/\/ \"ConcreteObserver\"
class ConcreteObserver : Observer
{
  \/\/ Fields
  private string name;
  private string observerState;
  private ConcreteSubject subject;<\/p>\n

  \/\/ Constructors
  public ConcreteObserver( ConcreteSubject subject,  
    string name )
  {
    this.subject = subject;
    this.name = name;
  }<\/p>\n

  \/\/ Methods
  override public void Update()
  {
    observerState = subject.SubjectState;
    Console.WriteLine( \"Observer {0}'s new state is {1}\",
      name, observerState );
  }<\/p>\n

  \/\/ Properties
  public ConcreteSubject Subject
  {
    get { return subject; }
    set { subject = value; }
  }
}<\/p>\n

\/**\/\/\/\/ <summary>
\/\/\/ Client test
\/\/\/ <\/summary>
public class Client
{
  public static void Main( string[] args )
  {
    \/\/ Configure Observer structure
    ConcreteSubject s = new ConcreteSubject();
    s.Attach( new ConcreteObserver( s, \"1\" ) );
    s.Attach( new ConcreteObserver( s, \"2\" ) );
    s.Attach( new ConcreteObserver( s, \"3\" ) );<\/p>\n

    \/\/ Change subject and notify observers
    s.SubjectState = \"ABC\";
    s.Notify();
  }
}
<\/code><\/p>\n

\u56db\u3001 C#\u4e2d\u7684Delegate\u4e0eEvent
\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5728C#\u4e2d\u5b9e\u73b0Observer\u6a21\u5f0f\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u4e48\u8f9b\u82e6\uff0c.NET\u4e2d\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86Delegate\u4e0eEvent\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u673a\u5236\u7b80\u5316Observer\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u5173\u4e8eDelegate\u4e0eEvent\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bf7\u53c2\u8003\u76f8\u5173\u6587\u6863\u3002\u6539\u8fdb\u540e\u7684Observer\u6a21\u5f0f\u5b9e\u73b0\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a
\/\/ Observer pattern -- Structural example  
using System;<\/p>\n

\/\/Delegate
delegate void UpdateDelegate(); <\/p>\n

\/\/Subject
class Subject
{
  public event UpdateDelegate UpdateHandler;
  
  \/\/ Methods
  public void Attach( UpdateDelegate ud )
  {
    UpdateHandler += ud;
  }<\/p>\n

  public void Detach( UpdateDelegate ud )
  {
    UpdateHandler -= ud;
  }
  
  public void Notify()
  {
    if(UpdateHandler != null) UpdateHandler();
  }<\/p>\n

}<\/p>\n

\/\/ConcreteSubject
class ConcreteSubject : Subject
{
  \/\/ Fields
  private string subjectState;<\/p>\n

  \/\/ Properties
  public string SubjectState
  {
    get{ return subjectState; }
    set{ subjectState = value; }
  }
}<\/p>\n

\/\/ \"ConcreteObserver\"
class ConcreteObserver
{
  \/\/ Fields
  private string name;
  private string observerState;
  private ConcreteSubject subject;<\/p>\n

  \/\/ Constructors
  public ConcreteObserver( ConcreteSubject subject,  
    string name )
  {
    this.subject = subject;
    this.name = name;
  }<\/p>\n

  \/\/ Methods
  public void Update()
  {
    observerState = subject.SubjectState;
    Console.WriteLine( \"Observer {0}'s new state is {1}\",
      name, observerState );
  }<\/p>\n

  \/\/ Properties
  public ConcreteSubject Subject
  {
    get { return subject; }
    set { subject = value; }
  }
}<\/p>\n

\/\/ \"ConcreteObserver\"
class AnotherObserver
{
  \/\/ Methods
  public void Show()
  {
    Console.WriteLine(\"AnotherObserver got an Notification!\");
  }
}<\/p>\n

public class Client
{
  public static void Main(string[] args)
  {
    ConcreteSubject s = new ConcreteSubject();
    ConcreteObserver o1 = new ConcreteObserver(s, \"1\");
    ConcreteObserver o2 = new ConcreteObserver(s, \"2\");
    AnotherObserver o3 = new AnotherObserver();
    
    s.Attach(new UpdateDelegate(o1.Update));
    s.Attach(new UpdateDelegate(o2.Update));
    s.Attach(new UpdateDelegate(o3.Show));<\/p>\n

    s.SubjectState = \"ABC\";
    s.Notify();<\/p>\n

    Console.WriteLine(\"--------------------------\");
    s.Detach(new UpdateDelegate(o1.Update));<\/p>\n

    s.SubjectState = \"DEF\";
    s.Notify();
  }
}
<\/code><\/p>\n

\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u5173\u952e\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a
delegate void UpdateDelegate(); <\/code><\/p>\n

\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2aDelegate\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u89c4\u8303\u51fd\u6570\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662fConcreteObserver\u7c7b\u7684Update\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fd8\u662fAnotherObserver\u7c7b\u7684Show\u65b9\u6cd5\u90fd\u7b26\u5408\u8be5Delegate\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u8c61\u7528Observer\u63a5\u53e3\u6765\u89c4\u8303\u5fc5\u987b\u4f7f\u7528Update\u65b9\u6cd5\u90a3\u4e48\u4e25\u683c\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u7b26\u5408Delegate\u6240\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u540e\u9762\u88ab\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6240\u5904\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n

public event UpdateDelegate UpdateHandler;<\/code><\/p>\n

\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u89e6\u53d1\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8c03\u7528\u4e00\u7ec4\u7b26\u5408UpdateDelegate\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n

  public void Attach( UpdateDelegate ud )
  {
    UpdateHandler += ud;
  }
<\/code><\/p>\n

\u8ba2\u9605\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ee1\u8db3UpdateDelegate\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba2\u9605\u64cd\u4f5c\uff08\u5982\u4e0b\u6240\u793a\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

    s.Attach(new UpdateDelegate(o1.Update));
    s.Attach(new UpdateDelegate(o2.Update));
    s.Attach(new UpdateDelegate(o3.Show));
<\/code><\/p>\n

\u5728Notify\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\uff1a
  public void Notify()
  {
    if(UpdateHandler != null) UpdateHandler();
  }
<\/code><\/p>\n

\u53ea\u8981UpdateHandler != null\uff08\u8868\u793a\u6709\u8ba2\u9605\u8005\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e6\u53d1\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff08UpdateHandler()\uff09\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8ba2\u9605\u8005\u4fbf\u4f1a\u63a5\u5230\u901a\u77e5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e94\u3001 \u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50
\u8be5\u4f8b\u5b50\u6f14\u793a\u4e86\u6ce8\u518c\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u5728\u80a1\u7968\u5e02\u573a\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u52a8\u5f97\u5230\u901a\u77e5\u3002\u8be5\u4f8b\u5b50\u4ecd\u7136\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u662f\u4f20\u7edf\u7684Observer\u5904\u7406\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u81f3\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u8f6c\u6362\u6210Delegate\u4e0eEvent\u7559\u7ed9\u8bfb\u8005\u81ea\u5df1\u8003\u8651\u3002
\/\/ Observer pattern -- Real World example  
using System;
using System.Collections;<\/p>\n

\/\/ \"Subject\"
abstract class Stock
{
  \/\/ Fields
  protected string symbol;
  protected double price;
  private ArrayList investors = new ArrayList();<\/p>\n

  \/\/ Constructor
  public Stock( string symbol, double price )
  {
    this.symbol = symbol;
    this.price = price;
  }<\/p>\n

  \/\/ Methods
  public void Attach( Investor investor )
  {
    investors.Add( investor );
  }<\/p>\n

  public void Detach( Investor investor )
  {
    investors.Remove( investor );
  }<\/p>\n

  public void Notify()
  {
    foreach( Investor i in investors )
      i.Update( this );
  }<\/p>\n

  \/\/ Properties
  public double Price
  {
    get{ return price; }
    set
    {
      price = value;
      Notify();
    }
  }<\/p>\n

  public string Symbol
  {
    get{ return symbol; }
    set{ symbol = value; }
  }
}<\/p>\n

\/\/ \"ConcreteSubject\"
class IBM : Stock
{
  \/\/ Constructor
  public IBM( string symbol, double price )
    : base( symbol, price ) {}
}<\/p>\n

\/\/ \"Observer\"
interface IInvestor
{
  \/\/ Methods
  void Update( Stock stock );
}<\/p>\n

\/\/ \"ConcreteObserver\"
class Investor : IInvestor
{
  \/\/ Fields
  private string name;
  private string observerState;
  private Stock stock;<\/p>\n

  \/\/ Constructors
  public Investor( string name )
  {
    this.name = name;
  }<\/p>\n

  \/\/ Methods
  public void Update( Stock stock )
  {
    Console.WriteLine( \"Notified investor {0} of {1}'s change to {2:C}\",
      name, stock.Symbol, stock.Price );
  }<\/p>\n

  \/\/ Properties
  public Stock Stock
  {
    get{ return stock; }
    set{ stock = value; }
  }
}<\/p>\n

\/**\/\/\/\/ <summary>
\/\/\/ ObserverApp test
\/\/\/ <\/summary>
public class ObserverApp
{
  public static void Main( string[] args )
  {
    \/\/ Create investors
    Investor s = new Investor( \"Sorros\" );
    Investor b = new Investor( \"Berkshire\" );<\/p>\n

    \/\/ Create IBM stock and attach investors
    IBM ibm = new IBM( \"IBM\", 120.00 );
    ibm.Attach( s );
    ibm.Attach( b );<\/p>\n

    \/\/ Change price, which notifies investors
    ibm.Price = 120.10;
    ibm.Price = 121.00;
    ibm.Price = 120.50;
    ibm.Price = 120.75;
  }
}
<\/code><\/p>\n

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